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World History 20 flashcards ~10 min

Latin American History and Independence Movements

Latin America's history spans powerful pre-Columbian civilizations, centuries of European colonization, and a wave of 19th-century independence movements, and this deck of 20 flashcards covers all three. You'll start with the Aztec and Inca empires and their c...

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Latin America's history spans powerful pre-Columbian civilizations, centuries of European colonization, and a wave of 19th-century independence movements, and this deck of 20 flashcards covers all three. You'll start with the Aztec and Inca empires and their conquest by Spanish conquistadors Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, then move into the colonial encomienda system and the caste-based social hierarchy Spain imposed across the region. The deck covers the major independence leaders — Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Miguel Hidalgo — and the revolutions they led across South and Central America, along with the unique case of the Haitian Revolution, the only successful slave-led revolution in history. It finishes with the Mexican Revolution and the broader legacy of caudillo rule. Suited to AP World History and A-Level History, this deck emphasizes the leaders and turning points most frequently tested for this region.

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The Aztec Empire and the Inca Empire.
Hernán Cortés.
Francisco Pizarro.
A Spanish colonial labor system granting colonists the right to forced labor and tribute from Indigenous peoples.
A colonial social hierarchy in Latin America based on race and ancestry.
Smallpox.
Simón Bolívar.
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia.
José de San Martín.
Miguel Hidalgo.
A successful slave-led revolution (1791–1804) that made Haiti the first independent Black-led republic.
Toussaint Louverture.
It is the only successful revolution in history led primarily by enslaved people.
Napoleon's invasion of Spain, which weakened Spanish colonial authority.
A strongman military or political leader common in post-independence Latin American politics.
A U.S. policy opposing European intervention in the Americas, issued in 1823.
Widespread opposition to the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and demands for land reform.
Emiliano Zapata.
Plantation agriculture (often relying on enslaved or forced labor).
Cycles of caudillo rule, military coups, and struggles to establish stable democratic institutions.