1
What is consciousness?
Awareness of oneself and one's environment
2
What are the different states of consciousness?
Waking consciousness, sleep, dreaming, and altered states like meditation or hypnosis
3
What is REM sleep?
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and vivid dreaming
4
What does REM stand for?
Rapid Eye Movement
5
How many stages of sleep are there in a typical sleep cycle?
Four stages: three non-REM stages and one REM stage
6
What happens during deep sleep (Stage 3 NREM)?
The body repairs tissue, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system
7
What is a circadian rhythm?
The body's internal 24-hour clock regulating sleep-wake cycles
8
What part of the brain regulates circadian rhythms?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
9
What is insomnia?
A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep
10
What is narcolepsy?
A sleep disorder causing sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep
11
What is sleep apnea?
A disorder involving repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep
12
What is the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?
The idea that dreams result from the brain's attempt to interpret random neural activity during sleep
13
What is Freud's theory of dreams?
The idea that dreams represent unconscious wishes and desires
14
What is manifest content in Freud's dream theory?
The literal, remembered storyline of a dream
15
What is latent content in Freud's dream theory?
The hidden, symbolic meaning behind a dream
16
What is lucid dreaming?
A state in which the dreamer is aware they are dreaming and can sometimes control the dream
17
What is sleepwalking (somnambulism)?
A sleep disorder involving walking or performing activities while still asleep
18
What is hypnosis?
An altered state of consciousness characterized by focused attention and heightened suggestibility
19
What is meditation?
A practice of focused attention or awareness often used to achieve mental clarity and relaxation
20
What are altered states of consciousness often induced by?
Meditation, hypnosis, drugs, or sensory deprivation
21
What is sleep deprivation's effect on cognitive function?
It impairs memory, attention, decision-making, and mood
22
What is the difference between REM and NREM sleep?
REM involves vivid dreaming and rapid eye movement; NREM involves deeper, restorative sleep without rapid eye movement
23
What is a hypnagogic state?
The transitional state between wakefulness and sleep
24
What is sleep's restorative theory?
The idea that sleep allows the body and brain to repair and recover
25
What is the evolutionary theory of sleep?
The idea that sleep evolved to keep organisms safe during periods of vulnerability
26
What is REM rebound?
Increased REM sleep following a period of REM deprivation
27
What is a night terror?
An intense episode of fear during deep sleep, often with little memory afterward
28
What are the effects of chronic sleep loss on health?
Increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and weakened immune function
29
What is polysomnography?
A diagnostic test that records brain waves, oxygen levels, and body movements during sleep
30
What is the difference between a dream and a daydream?
Dreams occur during sleep; daydreams occur during wakefulness as a form of imaginative thought
