What is the cell theory? — Cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What are the two major types of cells? — Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Which cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles? — Prokaryotic cells.
What structure contains the genetic material in eukaryotic cells? — The nucleus.
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? — It selectively regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What is the plasma membrane mainly composed of? — A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? — The mitochondrion.
What is the function of ribosomes? — Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? — It synthesizes and modifies proteins destined for membranes or secretion.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? — It synthesizes lipids, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores calcium ions.
Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins? — The Golgi apparatus.
What is the primary function of lysosomes? — Lysosomes digest and recycle cellular materials using hydrolytic enzymes.
Which organelle contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis? — The chloroplast.
What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells? — They store water, nutrients, wastes, and help maintain turgor pressure.
What is the cytoskeleton? — A network of protein fibers that provides cell shape, support, movement, and intracellular transport.
What is passive transport? — Movement of substances across the membrane without energy, down their concentration gradient.
What is diffusion? — The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What is osmosis? — The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is active transport? — Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using cellular energy (ATP).
What is the fluid mosaic model? — A model describing the plasma membrane as a flexible phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded and moving within it.
