How many bones does the adult human body have? — 206 bones. Babies are born with about 270–300 bones; many fuse together during childhood and adolescence.

What are the 4 main types of bones? — Long bones (femur, humerus), short bones (carpals, tarsals), flat bones (skull, scapula), irregular bones (vertebrae, pelvis).

What is the largest bone in the body? — The femur (thigh bone) — the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body.

What is the smallest bone in the body? — The stapes (stirrup) in the middle ear — approximately 3mm long. It transmits sound vibrations to the inner ear.

What are the bones of the skull called collectively? — The cranium. It consists of 8 cranial bones (frontal, parietal x2, temporal x2, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid) and 14 facial bones.

What is the mandible? — The lower jawbone — the only movable bone of the skull. It holds the lower teeth and is essential for chewing and speaking.

What is the maxilla? — The upper jaw bone that forms part of the hard palate and holds the upper teeth. There are two maxillae fused at the midline.

What is the occipital bone? — A flat bone forming the back and base of the skull. It contains the foramen magnum — the opening through which the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.

What is the vertebral column and how many vertebrae does it contain? — The spine — consisting of 33 vertebrae total: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused into sacrum), 4 coccygeal (fused into coccyx).

What are the cervical vertebrae and what is special about C1 and C2? — The 7 vertebrae of the neck. C1 (Atlas) supports the skull. C2 (Axis) has the odontoid process (dens), allowing rotational head movement.

What is the sacrum? — A triangular bone formed by 5 fused sacral vertebrae at the base of the spine. It connects the vertebral column to the pelvis (via sacroiliac joints).

What is the coccyx? — The tailbone — formed by 3–5 fused coccygeal vertebrae at the very bottom of the spine. It is a vestigial remnant of a tail.

What bones make up the thoracic cage (rib cage)? — 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and the sternum (breastbone). Protects the heart and lungs.

What is the sternum and what are its 3 parts? — The breastbone — a flat bone in the center of the chest. Three parts: Manubrium (top), Body (middle), Xiphoid process (bottom).

What is the clinical significance of the xiphoid process? — It is the landmark for correct hand placement during CPR compressions (hands placed above the xiphoid process to avoid injury).

What are "true ribs," "false ribs," and "floating ribs"? — True ribs (1–7): Attach directly to sternum. False ribs (8–10): Attach indirectly via costal cartilage. Floating ribs (11–12): No anterior attachment at all.

What bones make up the shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)? — The clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade) on each side.

What is the clavicle and why is it clinically important? — The collarbone — connects the sternum to the scapula. It is the most commonly fractured bone in the body, often from falls on outstretched hands.

What are the bones of the upper arm and forearm? — Upper arm: Humerus. Forearm: Radius (lateral/thumb side) and Ulna (medial/pinky side).

What are the carpals? — The 8 small bones of the wrist: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate. Mnemonic: She Looks Too Pretty, Try To Catch Her.

What are the metacarpals and phalanges? — Metacarpals: 5 bones forming the palm of the hand. Phalanges: 14 finger bones (3 per finger, 2 in the thumb).

What bones make up the pelvis? — The pelvis consists of two hip bones (each formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis) plus the sacrum and coccyx.

What is the iliac crest? — The upper rim of the ilium (hip bone) — a key landmark for intramuscular injections (ventrogluteal site) and bone marrow biopsy.

What are the bones of the thigh and leg? — Thigh: Femur. Leg (below knee): Tibia (medial, weight-bearing) and Fibula (lateral, non-weight-bearing).

What is the patella? — The kneecap — a sesamoid bone embedded in the quadriceps tendon. It protects the knee joint and improves the mechanical leverage of the quadriceps muscle.

What is the tibia and why is it important clinically? — The shin bone — the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. The tibial tuberosity (front of shin) is the site for intraosseous (IO) needle insertion in emergencies.

What is the fibula and its function? — The thin lateral bone of the lower leg. It does NOT bear significant weight but provides attachment for muscles and ligaments. Commonly fractured in ankle sprains.

What are the tarsals? — The 7 bones of the ankle/heel: Calcaneus (heel bone), Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, and 3 Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral).

What is the calcaneus? — The heel bone — the largest tarsal bone. It bears most of the body's weight when standing and is the site of Achilles tendon attachment.

What is the anatomical difference between male and female pelvis? — The female pelvis is wider and shallower with a larger pelvic outlet to accommodate childbirth. The male pelvis is narrower, deeper, and more robust.